Mammalian toll-like receptors: from endogenous ligands to tissue regeneration

Following injury a complex but well-orchestrated cellular response stimulating wound healing and tissue regeneration is induced. The balance of different cytokines, growth factors and cells is important in regulating tissue reorganisation. The immune system is critically involved in this process. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential to the innate immune system, recognising microbial pathogens. The recent identification of endogenous ligands of TLRs suggests that they function not only to induce defensive antimicrobial immune responses but also as a sensitive detection system to initiate tissue regeneration after injury. Here we present an overview of TLRs and their endogenous ligands, and also review the roles of TLRs in inducing tissue regeneration after injury and in maintaining homeostasis. The identification of endogenous TLR ligands and their involvement in inducing tissue regeneration will provide new options to improve tissue reorganization after injury. Received 26 April 2006; received after revision 16 June 2006; accepted 24 August 2006     

Protein tyrosine phosphatase is possibly involved in cellular signal transduction and the regulation of ABA accumulation in response to water deficit in Maize L.coleoptile

Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation is an ideal model or “stimulus-response”system to investigate cellular stress signaling in plant cels,using such a model the cellular stress signaling triggered by water deficit was investigated in Maize L.coleoptile.Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation was sensitively blocked by NaVO3,a potent inhibitor both to plasma membrane H^ -ATPase(PM-H^ -ATPase)and protein tyrosine phosphatase(PTPase).However,while PM-H^ -ATPase activity was unaffected under water deficit and PM-H^ -ATPase activator did not induce an ABA accumulation instead of water deficit,water deficit induced an increase in the protein phosphatase activity,and furthermore,ABA accumulation was inhibited by PAO,a specific inhibitor of PTPase.These results indicate that protein phosphtases may be involved in the cellular signaling in response to water deficit.Further studies identifiled at least four species of protein phosphtase as assayed by using pNPP as substrate,among which one component was especially sensitive to NaVO3.The NaVO3-sensitive enzyme was purified and finally showed a protein band about 66kD on SDS/PAGE.The purified enzyme showed a great activity to some specific PTPase substrates at pH 6.0.In addition to NaVO3,the enzyme was also sensitive to some other PTPase inhibitors such as Zn^2 and MO3^3 ,but not to Ca^2 and Mg^2 ,indicating that it might be a protein tyrosine phosphatase.Interestingly,the purified enzyme could be deactivated by some reducing agent DTT.which was previously proved to be an inhibitor of water deficit-induced ABA accumulation.This result further proved that PTPase might be involved in the cellular signaling of ABA accumulation in response to water deficit.     

关于过沸液的研究

用动态平衡研究过沸问题,推出了由初始小气泡的半径确定过沸液沸点的严格方程式,并给出解这一复杂方程的准确快捷方法.这一方面澄清了教科书中关于过沸液的某些模糊认识,同时为有效预防过沸现象提供了理论依据.     

MAP kinase specifically mediates the ABA-induced H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> generation in guard cells of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in regulating adverse physiological processes, including stomatal closure, seed development and germination, and mediating many environmental stress responses, such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures[1,2]. In re-sponse to various stress stimuli, ABA synthesis is in-creased in plant cells, which triggers a series of physio-logical responses to adapt the stress conditions[1—3]. For example, under water deficit, ABA acts directly on…     

PEG处理下葡萄试管苗脯氨酸及内源ABA含量变化的研究

用不同浓度的PEG处理全球红葡萄生根试管苗，造成一定程度的水分亏缺，观察葡萄试管苗在水分胁迫下的生理反应。结果表明：PEG处理导致葡萄试管苗脯氨酸的积累和内源ABA的迅速增加。6％PEG胁迫处理66h时脯氨酸含量达到高峰，72h又有所下降；而3％PEG胁迫处理脯氨酸含量仍保持持续上升趋势。内源ABA在12h内达到第一个峰值，含量为对照的两倍多，并维持比对照略高的水平；而6％PEG胁迫处理植株在48h时ABA再次积累，含量比对照高100多倍。     

脱落酸对离体叶片衰老的影响及其与活性氧代谢的关系

研究了脱落酸对离体韭菜叶片衰老的影响与活性氧代谢的关系.发现在暗诱导衰老过程中膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量随超氧物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽含量下降而增加.脱落酸处理后,伴随着叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降,超氧物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽含量降低,而丙二醛含量增加.证明脱落酸促进离体韭菜叶片衰老的作用与活性氧代谢有密切关系.     

渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗生理功能的影响

渗透胁迫下，小麦幼苗根系和叶片ABA，CaM水平提高，保护酶（SOD与POD）活性上升。结果初步表明：第2信号系统Ca^2 /CaM参与了干旱化学信号ABA的传递，引起小麦幼苗根系和叶片SOD，POD活性的升高。     

加快城市土地整理 促进耕地总量动态平衡

土地整理是实现耕地总量动态平衡的一个重要手段 ,目前我国对农地整理较多 ,而对城市土地整理却重视不足 .加快城市土地整理 ,有利于促进耕地总量动态平衡 .针对我国城市用地中存在的一些问题 ,提出了有关城市土地整理的具体措施 ,以实现经济、社会、生态的可持续发展 .     

渗透胁迫等因素对春小麦幼苗硝酸还原酶活性的影响

本文研究了渗透胁迫、热胁迫、外源脯氨酸和脱落酸对春小麦幼苗 NR 活性的影响.结果表明,NR 对水分胁迫极为敏感,随胁强增加,活性持续下降;解除胁迫后,一般24h 内活性即能恢复.NR 对热胁迫也很敏感,当温度高于正常生长温度10℃时,活性即迅速下降。外源脯氨酸能够减缓胁迫条件下 NR 活性的下降。外源脱落酸在胁迫条件下加剧 NR 活性的下降。     

ABA对拟南芥los5-1突变体及其野生型保卫细胞质膜内向K~+通道的调节

以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)ABA缺失突变体los5-1及其相应野生型为材料,用细胞质膜钙离子通道的抑制剂LaCl3和细胞内钙离子的螯合剂EGTA处理,运用膜片钳技术探讨在ABA调节突变体和相应野生型保卫细胞质膜内向K+电流过程中Ca2+的作用.实验结果表明ABA均可以明显抑制拟南芥C24野生型及其突变体los5-1保卫细胞原生质体的内向K+电流,而且ABA对los5-1突变体及其相应野生型保卫细胞质膜内向K+通道的调节具有不同的Ca2+依赖性,说明ABA对突变体和野生型的K+通道